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Copernicus, formerly Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES), is a programme of the European Commission which aims at achieving an autonomous, multi-level operational Earth observation capacity. Its cost during 1998 to 2020 is estimated to be 8.4 billion euros. European Space Agency has performed much of its design and oversees and co-funds the development of Sentinel satellites (1,2,3,4 and 5) and instruments for MTG and MetOp-SG weather satellites of EUMETSAT. The objective is to use multi-source data to get a timely and quality information, services and knowledge, and to provide autonomous and independent access to information in relation to environment and security on a global level. In other words, it will pull together all the information obtained by the Copernicus environmental satellites, air and ground stations to provide a comprehensive picture of the "health" of Earth. The geo-spatial information services offered by Copernicus can be grouped into six main interacting themes: land, ocean, emergency response, atmosphere, security and climate change. The first three Copernicus services under the land, ocean and emergency response themes and two additional services addressing the atmosphere and security themes were unveiled at the Copernicus Forum held in Lille in September 2008. Currently in their pre-operational phase, it is foreseen that these services enter into an EU-wide operational phase by 2011, with the objective to be fully operational by 2014. Copernicus builds upon 3 components: * the space component (observation satellites and associated ground segment with missions observing land, atmospheric and oceanographic parameters) This comprises two types of satellite missions, ESA's five families of dedicated Sentinel (space missions) and missions from other space agencies, called Contributing Missions. * in-situ measurements (ground-based and airborne data gathering networks providing information on oceans, continental surface and atmosphere) * services to users. ==History== Over the last decades, European and national institutions have made substantial R&D efforts in the field of Earth observation. These efforts have resulted into tremendous achievements but the services and products developed during this period had limitations which were inherent to R&D activities (e.g. lack of service continuity on the long-term). In 2014-2015 Copernicus is moving towards an operational phase. The key to providing operational Copernicus services is to have an appropriate governance and business model structure in place which supports provisioning of these services. Copernicus has been moving from R&D to operational services, following a phased approach: * 2008 – 2010: Copernicus pre-operational services (FTS and Pilot services) * 2011 – 2013: Copernicus initial operations * From 2014: Copernicus fully operational services 19 May 1998: institutions involved in the development of space activities in Europe give birth to GMES through a declaration known as "The Baveno Manifesto". At that time, GMES stands for "Global Monitoring for Environmental Security" Year 1999: the name is changed to "Global Monitoring for Environment and Security", thus illustrating that the management of the environment also has security implications. Year 2001: at the occasion of the Gothenburg Summit, the Heads of State and Government request that "''the Community contribute to establishing by 2008 a European capacity for Global Monitoring for Environment and Security''". October 2002: the nature and scope of the "Security" component of GMES are defined as addressing prevention of and response to crises related to natural and technological risk, humanitarian aid and international cooperation, monitoring of compliance with international treaties for conflict prevention, humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks and surveillance of EU borders. February 2004: the Commission Communication "''GMES: Establishing a GMES capacity by 2008''" introduces an Action Plan aimed at establishing a working GMES capacity by 2008. In 2004, a Framework Agreement is also signed between EC and ESA, thus providing the basis for a space component of GMES. May 2005: the Commission Communication "''GMES: From Concept to Reality''" establishes priorities for the roll-out of GMES services in 2008, the initial focus being on land monitoring, marine monitoring and emergency response services, also known as Fast Track Services (FTS). Later services, also known as Pilot Services, are expected to address atmosphere monitoring, security and climate change. June 2006: the EC establishes the GMES Bureau, with the primary objective of ensuring the delivery of the priority services by 2008. Other objectives of the GMES Bureau are to address the issues of the GMES governance structure and the long-term financial sustainability of the system. May 2007: adoption of the European Space Policy Communication, recognising GMES as a major flagship of the Space Policy. September 2008: official launch of the 3 FTS services and 2 Pilot services in their pre-operational version at the occasion of the GMES Forum held in Lille, France. November 2008: the Commission Communication "''GMES: We care for a Safer Planet''" establishes a basis for further discussions on the financing, operational infrastructure and effective management of GMES. May 2009: the Commission Proposal for a Regulation on "''the European Earth Observation Programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011-2013)''" proposes a legal basis for the GMES programme and EC funding of its initial operations. November 2010: the regulation on "''the European Earth Observation Programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011-2013)''" entered into force. June 2011: the Commission presents its proposal for the next multiannual financial framework (MFF) corresponding to the period 2014-2020 (Communication “A Budget for Europe 2020”). In this document, the Commission proposes to foresee the funding of the GMES programme outside the multiannual financial framework after 2014. November 2011: The Commission Communication on the "European Earth monitoring programme (GMES) and its operations (from 2014 onwards)" presents the Commission's proposals for the future funding, governance and operations of the GMES programme for the period 2014 - 2020. In particular, the Commission proposes to opt for the creation of a specific GMES fund, similar to the model chosen for the European Development Fund, with financial contributions from all Member States, based on their Gross National Income (GNI). December 2012: the Commission announces the name change to Copernicus. October 2014: ESA and European Commission have established a budget for Copernicus Programme covering years 2014-2020 within Multiannual Financial Framework. Budget provided a total of , including for ESA to cover operations of the satellite network and a construction of the remaining satellites. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Copernicus Programme」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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